炸药缓慢加热条件实验技术进展

为降低炸药装药意外热刺激起爆后对武器平台、后勤系统和人员损伤的严重程度及概率,适应不敏感弹药发展过程中对炸药热危险性综合评定的需要,有针对性地分析了以美国为主的炸药和弹药装药慢烤燃实验相关文献、STANAG 4382《北约弹药缓慢加热测试标准》调查报告以及西安近代化学研究所开展的密闭系统的模拟弹慢速烤燃实验研究成果。分析结果发现,尚需解决的问题为3.3℃/h温升速率条件起源未知,小型模型实验技术是目前开展的重点,可视化/量化反应状态的实验技术及仿真预测试验反应剧烈程度的模型研究是发展重点,试验反应剧烈性抑制技术研究是未来的发展趋势。     

HNS多点阵列装药慢速烤燃试验研究

研究多点阵列冲击片雷管装药的热安全性。方法针对φ3 mm×3 mm、φ4 mm×4 mm、φ5 mm×5 mm、φ4mm×8mm共四种不同尺寸的HNS多点阵列装药开展慢速烤燃试验研究,得到HNS多点阵列装药在3.3℃/h、5、10℃/min三种不同升温速率下的响应特性。结果同规格装药情况下,随着升温速率的提高,其热烤响应剧烈程度有加剧趋势;同升温速率条件下,试样药量越大,反应剧烈程度有加剧趋势。结论阵列装药有利于分散HNS装药在热烤条件下的热积累,降低热烤试验的响应强度,提升装药的热安全性。     

缓控释肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素去向的影响

黏性土壤严重影响土壤水肥运移.采取适宜的农艺措施优化土壤无机氮分布,减少该类型土壤的氮素损失是农业绿色可持续发展的关键.为明确缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素损失的影响,选择常规化肥(CN)和缓控释肥(RCU)这2种类型肥料,采用撒播撒施(B)和机械化条播深施(D),研究了缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤小麦产量、季节麦田氮素径流流失、氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响;并分析了其耕层土壤的无机氮时空分布特征.结果表明,相同肥料类型下,D处理的小麦产量显著高于B处理;而相同施肥方式下,RCU处理的产量显著高于CN处理.D-RCU处理的小麦产量最高,达6.97 t·hm^-2.季节径流和氨挥发氮损失量高于N₂O形态的氮损失,且不同损失途径对肥料类型和施肥方式的响应不同.肥料类型和径流发生时间是麦田径流氮素流失的主要影响因素.受监测年份降雨年型分配影响,RCU处理的季节径流氮素流失量(20.35 kg·hm^-2)较CN处理(10.49 kg·hm^-2)显著增加.生育后期是麦田氨挥发损失的主要时期,...     

应用~(32)P示踪技术研究不同土壤慢速土地处理系统内磷素的行为规律

应用放射性32 P示踪技术 ,在人工模拟土柱装置上 ,对城市污水中的磷素在不同土壤内的行为规律进行研究 ,并对实验数据进行了归一化的计算处理 ,结果表明红壤和紫色土对城市污水中的磷素都有较强的去除能力 ,但磷素在不同土壤中的行为有明显差异。     

复合介质人工浮岛对缓流水体N、P修复研究

针对目前人工浮岛技术对氮磷去除效率低的现状,提出了一种层状复合介质人工浮岛原位水体净化技术,通过试验对其受水力停留时间、气水比及温度的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,该人工浮岛技术对于缓流地表水体N、P去除效果较好,且优于传统人工浮岛装置。随着水力停留时间的增加,其去除率增大,通过试验进一步确定其适宜气水比为10:1,此时系统对氮磷的去除率比未曝气时增加1倍。在此运行条件下,水温高于13℃及水力停留时间为2.5d时,人工浮岛系统对水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为87.6%、63.8%、82%和83.5%;当水温低于13℃时去除率显著降低,此时延长HRT至7d时,系统对总氮和总磷仍有较高的净化效果,去除率分别为70.1%和69.2%。     

Modeling soil and plant phosphorus within DSSAT

The crop models in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) have served worldwide as a research tool for improving predictions of relationships between soil and plant nitrogen (N) and crop yield. However, without a phosphorus (P) simulation option, the applicability of the DSSAT crop models in P-deficient environments is limited. In this study, a soil-plant P model integrated to DSSAT was described, and results showing the ability of the model to mimic wide differences in maize responses to P in Ghana are presented as preliminary attempts to testing the model on highly weathered soils. The model simulates P transformations between soil inorganic labile, active and stable pools and soil organic microbial and stable pools. Plant growth is limited by P between two concentration thresholds that are species-specific optimum and minimum concentrations of P defined at different stages of plant growth. Phosphorus stress factors are computed to reduce photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning. Testing on two highly weathered soils from Ghana over a wide range of N and P fertilizer application rates indicated that the P model achieved good predictability skill at one site (Kpeve) with a final grain yield root mean squared error (RMSE) of 535 kg ha⁻¹and a final biomass RMSE of 507 kg ha⁻¹. At the other site (Wa), the RMSE was 474 kg ha⁻¹ for final grain yield and 1675 kg ha⁻¹ for final biomass. A local sensitivity analysis indicated that under P-limiting conditions and no P fertilizer application, crop biomass, grain yield, and P uptake could be increased by over 0.10% due to organic P mineralization resulting from a 1% increase in organic carbon. It was also shown that the modeling philosophy that makes P in a root-free zone unavailable to plants resulted in a better agreement of simulated crop biomass and grain yield with field measurements. Because the complex soil P chemistry makes the availability of P to plants extremely variable, testing under a wider range of agro-ecological conditions is needed to complement the initial evaluation presented here, and extend the use of the DSSAT-P model to other P-deficient environments.     

含能材料热烤试验用多温区热控装置设计

目的 评估含能材料产品在热烤环境下的热安全性,研制一套热烤环境试验用多温区热控装置.方法 从热烤试验需求出发,制定试验系统功能、指标.进行系统功能分解,重点分析加热方式和加热元件的选型,温区之间的温度耦合及控制.基于试件含能,危险性较大的情况,制定安全策略.基于组态软件实现热控系统的软件设计,考虑了参数及曲线设置、试验过程状态观测、数据存储、报警和安全保护等.结果 利用该多温区热控系统开展了验证性试验,设置的温度为室温～229℃,温变速率为6℃/h,三温区控制,温度误差为±1.5℃.结论 含能材料热烤试验用多温区热控装置可以完成大试件小温升速率热烤试验的要求,为大尺寸含能材料热烤试验提供了试验能力.     

Emergency drills for agricultural drought response: a case study in Guatemala

Drills are an important element of disaster management, helping to increase preparedness and reduce the risk of real‐time failure. Yet, they are not applied systematically to slow‐onset disasters such as a drought, which causes damage that is not instantly apparent and thus does not solicit immediate action. This case study evaluates how drills inform institutional responses to slow‐onset disasters. It spotlights Guatemala, a country where drought has severe impacts on livelihoods and the food security of small farmers. By implementing part of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food's institutional response plan for drought, it explores how drills can help to detect issues in emergency response and to foster an institutional focus on improvements in preparedness. The results reveal that drills alone do not trigger institutional improvements if unsupported by a wider strategy that seeks to enhance capacities and protocols. These findings are valuable, however, in making problems transparent and in creating the space for discussion.     

圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性研究

目的 研究圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性.方法 针对装填高能推进剂的固体火箭发动机,建立了二维瞬态慢速烤燃模型.其中AP/HTPB推进剂的化学动力学模型为两步总包反应模型.在升温速率分别为3.6、7.2、10.8 K/h的工况下,进行固体火箭发动机的烤燃数值模拟,并具体分析慢速烤燃工况下固体火箭发动机的传热特性和...     

污水土地处理系统中硼的分布与输送模型

给出了慢速渗滤土地处理条件下土壤系统中硼的非稳态与稳态定义;建立了硼在土壤-植物系统中分布与输送的数学模型。论述了土地处理系统水力负荷,硼污染负荷、土壤理化性质、淋失率等因素对硼累积与迁移的影响。通过讨论硼的土壤溶液浓度同植物摄取的关系,提出了减少污水土地处理系统中硼对植物危害的途径。该模型可用于土地处理系统或灌溉系统硼的预测。